Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Basic Analysis - Essay Example 3) and where characters experience differed difficulties because of strategic maneuver and control. Moreover, there were nearness of attentive or forced social accomplices that additional show and gave proper applications to relational necessities hypothesis of incorporation, control, and closeness. The small scale arrangement was introduced as eight sections and was really noted to be a spin-off of another of Ken Follet’s tale, entitled â€Å"The Pillars of the Earth† (Lloyd, 2012). Because of the length and complexities of connections as depicted by various characters, the current talk would concentrate on connections and relational correspondence applications one of the primary characters, Caris. As a fleece merchant’s little girl, Caris experienced energizing and testing encounters going from seeing the less than ideal end of her mom, who unwittingly was subtly killed by her auntie, Petranilla. Her enthusiasm for rewarding the debilitated was upgraded when sh e turned into the disciple of a lady, Mattie, who rehearsed elective medication. Nonetheless, since Mattie’s ability evidently imperils the town’s official healer and cleric, she was accused of the wrongdoing of black magic and was condemned to be hanged openly. Afterward, Caris experienced a similar destiny the hands of her cousin, Godwyn, at that point Prior; and was simply spared in due time by the town’s Prioress who affirmed that since she was to turn into a religious recluse, she was unable to be exposed to the destiny of hanging. In this manner, Caris needed to forfeit her adoration for Merthin until such time that her obligation as a religious recluse, inevitable Prioress, and healer were totally finished. All the while, she turned into a decent healer, and was even expected the job of a prioress in times when ailment and plague attacked their town. The uses of the relational correspondence hypothesis or social hypothesis were shown in different circumst ances in the arrangement. As noted â€Å"as people we have a scope of social needs that we fulfill by speaking with others. The Social Needs hypothesis calls attention to that there are 3 fundamental social needs: (1) fondness - to communicate and get love; (2) consideration - to be social, to be in the organization of others; (3) control - to have influence† (Bergstrom, 2005, standard. 1). The social need of consideration was showed through Caris’ being acknowledged in the religious circle as a sister, to spare her from death. In like manner, this consideration was likewise exemplified through the acknowledgment of the lord, who masked himself as a priest and was purportedly acknowledged energetically in the cloister and in the Kingsbridge people group. Simultaneously, the social need of control was plainly exemplified in the smaller than usual arrangement through the force that was vested upon the government. It was obvious that if the ruler, in this circumstance, an underhanded sovereign, was generally worried of her narrow minded interests instead of the benefit of the individuals, the townsfolk endured massively through equity not being served evenhandedly or reasonably. It was during this time it was shown that imperious force and dictator initiative through the request for the ruler, the sovereign, or their approved associates could expose individuals to hanging and passing without the requirement for a fair preliminary. There was clearly much control through the force that was concentrated on the government and furthermore from the convent, where the earlier was vested with the position to choose things on himself. For example, the earlier could charge individuals associated with black magic and promptly, these haplessly

Social Benefits of Diversifying Residential Units

Social Benefits of Diversifying Residential Units POTENTIAL SOCIAL BENEFITS OF DIVERSIFYING RESIDENTIAL UNITS DESIGN AS SMART GROWTH CITY PRINCIPLE IN URBAN AFFORDABLE HOUSING. Tan Wan Joo1, Lam Tuck Lone2 and Meor Mohammad Fared3 Ace in Architecture1,2, Assoc. Professor3 Workforce of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor. Conceptual In the ongoing years, urban reasonable lodging has been encountering noteworthy skyscraper private development. It is determined that the change that throughout the following 20 years the segment profile of the municipalitys set up rural areas, bringing about the requirement for a more noteworthy scope of lodging types. With the figure, Malaysia and Singapore lodging improvement is broadening the unit formats to cook for changing social needs which situation still can't seem to be examined. The principle motivation behind this examination is to decide the potential social advantages of broadening skyscraper private units in the urban moderate lodging with regards to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Moreover, it distinguishes the different suitable skyscraper private units configuration to meet the communitys existing and future needs of lodging. By utilizing various contextual analyses technique, the unit configuration will be dissected dependent on the its size, its gave rooms, its compl ete units and its gave fundamental offices and enhancements just as how it profited the general public. Thus, this examination essentially shows the unmistakable of the differentiating private units configuration as shrewd development city guideline in the urban setting of Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Catchphrases: broadening private units configuration, brilliant city rule, social advantages, urban moderate lodging. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the potential social advantages of the enhancing skyscraper private units structure towards the general public? Presentation In todays urban turn of events, high thickness and conservative improvement has been altogether examined to help the development in populace in the urban setting. Skyscraper private turns of events, which is likewise called as vertical living, are emphatically advanced in pretty much every legislative reasonable lodging arranging arrangement to be set in setting of downtown area. The present market requests a feeling of dynamic quality and network in the blended improvement that they live in (Bell, 2004). Practically 68% of all Malaysian, which is around 18 a huge number of Malaysian, have decided to live in the towns and urban communities as it shows a generally high creating of urbanization in the creating nation (Wan Nor Azriyati WAN ABD AZIZ, 2014). As the populace development in the urban setting, the requirements for increasingly private lodging in the vertical structure are frantically getting higher so as to help the adjustment in the diverse life stages and the lodging needs . In like manner, in Singapore, the necessities of vertical type of private lodging has been quickly expanded along the development in the populace and the difference in various life stages. Henceforth, Malaysia government has drafted ACT 739 under the Law of Malaysia to set up an assortment of association called PR1MA, Perumahan Rakyat 1 Malaysia, to design, create, develop and keep up the high caliber of moderate lodging. Then again, Singapore government has built up an open lodging authority, which is called Housing Development Board (HDB), to design and build up the lodging domains just as to change the town into increasingly agreeable and living condition. There are different tasks are being created and built in the ongoing years, particularly in rural region and urban setting. Both of the built up associations have actualized the shrewd development city standards. The quick speed of development of the progressing urbanization in both Malaysia and Singapore has made the chances to actualize the savvy development city standards in the vast majority of the improvement to keep away from the exceptionally wasteful endless suburbia in the urban setting. In any case, one of techniques of savvy development standards expressed that a scope of lodging openings and decisions ought to be made and executed in the improvement to help the distinctive life phases of network. Along these lines, assorted variety of lodging decisions in the chose ventures has offered more noteworthy chances to make an increasingly energetic sorts of network, in the mean time, it additionally bolsters different scope of wages in a single turn of events. Targets This examination intends to break down the potential advantages of differentiating skyscraper private unit plan in urban moderate lodging to the general public. Writing REVIEW What is Smart Growth? Keen development is characterized as an advancement that bolsters monetary development, solid networks and natural wellbeing. Keen development improvement expected to make high caliber of that causes the networks to accomplish financially serious, to make business openings and fortifies the neighborhood charge base. So as to make and keep up extraordinary neighborhoods, the Smart Growth Network built up a lot of 10 essential standards to manage brilliant development procedures. (Anon., 2015) Ten Principles of Smart Growth 1. Blend land uses2. Exploit minimized design3. Make a scope of lodging openings and choices4. Make walkable neighborhoods5. Cultivate unmistakable, appealing networks with a solid feeling of place6. Protect open space, farmland, regular excellence and basic natural areas7. Reinforce and direct improvement towards existing communities8. Give an assortment of transportation choices9. Settle on improvement choices unsurprising, reasonable and financially savvy 10. Empower people group and partner coordinated effort being developed choices. By actualizing the third rule of Smart Growth, the improvement must give a scope of lodging openings and decisions to meet the communitys existing and future needs. The arrangement of value lodging for groups of all life stages and pay levels is a fundamental piece of the savvy development draws near. There are different reasons that urban communities should offer a various scope of lodging decisions for nearby occupants. By incorporating the arranging structures for single and multi-family in new private turn of events, the advancement itself can bolster a progressively differing populace. It additionally permits progressively evenhanded dissemination of family units of all salary levels. Plus, it is prompting make a more popularity for network administrations and offices, for example, shopping centers, schools, human services, office and amusement offices. Broadening lodging in vertical structure has likewise given more open doors in the improvement that permits the inhabitants to have options in a little real estate parcel. Nonetheless, when the improvement centers into one sort of lodging, it makes various potential issues. The improvement will figure out how to pull in one kind of occupant, which doesn't accomplish the objective of various populace in term old enough, pay level, families and singles. Subsequently, this methodology doesn't figure out how to make a supportable network for the explanation being that no single kind of lodging can serve the different interest of assorted family unit in todays showcase. Besides, if the sorts of network are being isolated and bunch by the parts of salary levels, local people with low pay will be compelled to suit in the suburb zone and, thus, the social issues will be expanded when the network are being isolated. What is Urban Affordable Housing? The idea of urban reasonable lodging can be characterized as the portion for rental or portion must not surpass 30% of the complete family unit pay in the urban setting (B Bakhtyar, 2012). By that implies, the unit of lodging must be moderate if the occupants family unit spend inside 30% of its salary on the lodging costs, including the utilities, for them to live in the urban setting where the development of financial is quickly expanding. What is PR1MA? PR1MA was built up as an administration claimed organization under PR1MA Act 2012 and under the management of Ministry of Housing and Local Government. It is set up to help the proposed segment of center pay gathering to deal with the typical cost for basic items with regards to urban territories. The private houses are given in the supportable network and be evaluated inside the scope of RM 100,000 to RM 400,000. Be that as it may, the majority of skyscraper private improvement will be arranged and further created with regards to urban regions. Consequently, this investigation will center into the sorts of unit designs of vertical living dependent on the accompanying ventures as the contextual analyses. Contextual investigations of HDB in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1. PR1MA @ Jalan Jubilee, Kuala Lumpur This advancement is one of the skyscraper moderate private lodging venture situated in the downtown area and open through Jalan Loke Yew and Jalan Jubilee. This undertaking offered three fundamental sorts of unit design in the aggregate of 543 units in 2.5 sections of land of land, which is appeared in Figure 1 beneath. This improvement has included conveniences for network, for example, surau, network corridor, kindergarten, shops, nursery and play area, to facilitate the network to stroll inside their compound for the fundamental offices. The arrangement of three fundamental sorts of units, which include 3 rooms with 2 restrooms for unit type An and C just as 2 rooms with 2 washrooms for unit type B, has given the chances to the little family to set up their family in the urban setting. In any case, the dynamic quality of network scarcely to be accomplished because of the advancement centers into normalize the unit formats into three fundamental sorts. Figure 1: Unit Layouts are demonstrated appropriately for Type A (3 Bedrooms 2 Bathrooms), Type B (2 Bedrooms 2 Bathrooms) and Type C (3 Bedrooms 2 Bathrooms). Source: http://www.pr1ma.my 2. PR1MA @ Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur With regards to downtown area in Kuala Lumpur, this advancement is being created in the zone with very much created frameworks in the encompassing site as it is open through 4 passageways, for example, New Pantai Expressway (NPE), Jalan Tun Sambanthan, Jalan Bangsar and Jalan Sye

Calls up until the arrival of Inspector Goole? Essay

 † The inert thing that lay at my feet†¦ my light was almost scorched out†. Frankenstein has made himself segregated by relinquishing everything to make his animal. Mary Shelley builds up the topic of disengagement in section 21 when Victor Frankenstein is put in jail; she has now truly confined him. Frankenstein is appeared as disconnected and distressed â€Å"I was overwhelmed with unhappiness and misery†. Frankenstein’s dearest companion had been murdered so his disengagement is by all accounts legitimized. Shelley utilized his self indulgence to reflect to inspire the inclination that he is separated from everyone else without a companion; nobody is there to help so he goes further into self centeredness â€Å"no one close to me mitigated me with the delicate voice of adoration; no dear hand bolstered me. † Shelley depicts the beast as a misconstrued individual with minding on a fundamental level however needs reprisal against Frankenstein. The beast reflects the activities of a youngster that had been dismissed during childbirth by its folks. The beast looks to the peruser as being predetermined towards an existence of detachment and melancholy. The beast portrays himself as† a forlorn, hopeless wretch†. Shelley utilizes these remarks by the beast to bring out the sentiment of compassion and make it known to the peruser that by then in the time the beast was feeling dismissed and disconnected creation the beast low in confidence prompting the announcements being made. The beast additionally improves the depiction of the disconnection by conceding he is â€Å"desolate† to the peruser making all the more straight-forward for the peruser to relate to the beast and even Mary Shelley as all the characters are identified with Shelley’s individual encounters during her youth and adulthood. Toward the finish of part 10 when Frankenstein and his â€Å"monster† meet Shelley shows the beast as somebody who was happy to make companions among people. â€Å"I was altruistic; my spirit sparkled with adoration and humankind; yet am I not the only one, pitiably alone? You, my maker loathe me; what expectation would i be able to accumulate from your kindred animals, who owe me nothing? † To the peruser the beast is appeared as a detached person who has unjustifiably been deserted by its dad/maker. Frankenstein is appeared as his dad who has left him to decay along these lines implementing the impact of disengagement the peruser feels about the beast. The peruser is then caused to feel that Victor Frankenstein is to be faulted for the monster’s sentiments of seclusion. Shelley utilized this strategy to set up the peruser for the monster’s story see and to begin seeing things from the monster’s point of view. Taking everything into account Shelley has been found to use to a few story and exacting methods to show the sentiment of separation through all the characters. Shelley frequently during the story utilized the landscape to mirror the feelings of the storytellers inside the book. The segregation inside this book was one of the essential subjects adding to its gothic topic. Shelley utilizes things she encountered during her experience to make various circumstances wherein seclusion and compassion were depicted. Shelley (in the book) doesn't make reference to the word â€Å"isolation† anyway utilizing exceptionally unpretentious methods during the discourse of the storytellers and furthermore landscape portrayal she passes on the feeling completely to the peruser about the characters inside the story. Show review just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley segment.

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in Terminal Illness - Free Essay Example

Who has known someone with a terminal illness? What if you were extremely ill and in an incredible amount of pain and there werent any medications to help you? Imagine this, you have a terminal illness and youre in the hospital knowing that youre getting closer to a slow and painful death. You cant do anything about it because of how severe it is and therers no other way to treat it. A. You know that soon your time is coming to where youll be suffering and cannot be cured from the painful disease that has taken over your body. II. Thesis: Today I will inform you about one of the most controversial issues in the U.S. and why physician assisted suicide should be legal for people with terminal illnesses throughout the United States. III. Connect: This topic is important to us because it talks about how we should be able to make these important decisions in our lives if we needed to. IV. Preview: A. First, we will go over why most people dont agree with legalizing Physician Assisted Suicide in every state. B. Second, we will go over why it would be a good idea to legalize physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill. C. Third, we will discuss why and how it would help some people who might need this option. Body I. Main Point: Letrs begin with what Physician Assisted Suicide is and the reasons why there are many people who are against it. A. There are a lot of people who dont know much information about PAS and it can be easily misunderstood. When some people hear the term Physician Assisted Suicide they are usually against it and their reason could be because of their religion or just their personal beliefs. 1. For those of you wondering what exactly Physician Assisted Suicide is, it is for someone has a terminal illness and voluntarily chooses to end their lives under certain circumstances to avoid suffering. a. The Euthanasia Society of America first began in New York in 1938. They wanted people who were terminally ill and incurable to have the right to die and have it be legal. b. In 2003 Sage Journals article titled Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide, David Clark says that for the first time ever a law passed under to legalize assisted suicide under certain circumstances for people who were terminally ill (Clark, 2003). c. There are different types of assisted suicide that gives you the option of taking a lethal medication, or passive euthanasia that is known as pulling the plug when the patient is on life support, and active euthanasia which is when the physician injects the lethal drug. Active euthanasia is mostly used in the Netherlands. B. This is only legal in 4 states in the U.S. including Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and Montana. Chaplains Experiences with Patients Requesting Physician-Assisted Suicide, Bryant Carlson stated that in order for this to be done the patient would have to have 6 months or less until death, then it would have to be confirmed by a doctor, and a physician would prescribe a lethal medication for the patient to take (Carlson, 2005). a. The patient would have to consent to doing this and the physician who is in charge would then proceed to giving them the medication. 1. In 2018 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops article titled The Wrong Approach to End of Life Care, Michael Gloth states that some Catholics believe physician assisted suicide is murder (Gloth, 2018). The people that are religious also believe that god should make the decision when someoners life should come to an end. a. I can see why people would disagree with assisted suicide because they believe that if god suffered then we should too. b. Another negative outcome of this would be that some may try to take advantage of assisted death if they had a mental illness. II. Main Point: Now that Ive gone over what PAS is, letrs move onto why people believe it wouldnt be a good idea to legalize it in the United States. A. The opposing view, represented by Cheryl K. Smithrs article Issues in Law Medicine in 1993 argues that a number of those reported cases involved people who didnt have a terminal illness and there would be people who would be influenced by their mental state (Smith, 1993). 1. However, they are wrong because patients would need to be evaluated to make sure they didnt have depression or any other mental illnesses. a. The laws in Vermont to be approved of assisted suicide is that you must 18 years or older, you must be a resident of Vermont, you have to be capable of making your own decisions and not be influenced by others, and most importantly you have to be diagnosed with a terminal illness that will lead to death. B. In 2012 Nursing Older Peoplers article titled Pros and Cons of Assisted Dying, Maura Buchanan stated that a con to assisted death is that it could be influenced by others (Buchanan, 2012). 1. If someone decided that they wanted to turn to assisted death then it should be because they truly wanted to, not because someone else is encouraging them to do it. III. Main Point: Now that weve gone over why people are against it, letrs move on to why it should be considered a human right to make this important decision. A. In 2018 The Hastings Center article titled Physician Assisted Death, Timothy E. Quill stated that PAS is best studied for terminally ill patients in Oregon. (Quill, 2018). 1. To become more informed about this topic The Hastings Center website has many articles about this. B. This is a topic that should be talked about more by adults, itrs important to be informed and form your own opinion based off your own research. 1. Imagine if you or a family member was put in that position where the decision needed to be made if they wanted to have peaceful death in a safe environment without suffering. a. Prolonging someoners death is not financially the right move, especially if they want to die. b. If any of you were in that position you would probably feel better knowing that it could be one of your last options. Transition: Hopefully you now have a better understanding of Conclusion I. Review: A. Some reasons why people disagree with Physician Assisted Suicide B. Why it should be legalized C. Why we should be able to make this important decision II. Conclude with Impact: Ill leave you with this, imagine yourself in a situation where you would consider using this as a last resort. If you still dont think this is something you would do, then hopefully you can be more understanding to those who do.

Death, Mortality, And The Afterlife - 938 Words

Freud once said that death is inevitable and yet inconceivable. The idea of death, mortality, and afterlife has been a question for the human race since the beginning of time. Throughout time and space these ideas have changed and have been modified according to their own views depending in what region they were born in and the time period. To look at what has changed over the periods we have to look at our history starting with writings like the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew texture, the Bible and many more stories both historical and religious. All trying to answer the same questions regarding death, mortality and the afterlife. There are 5 immortality narratives that define the human process staying alive, resurrection, soul, a legacy, and wisdom. One of the most historical books that we have of early era is Epic of Gilgamesh. The concept of death, mortality and the afterlife are all the major themes of the book. Gilgamesh who is not fearful of death in his youth and even considers a good death realized that he was not going to be remembered, goes out to make himself immortal with is friend Enkidu. After a battle his best friend Enkidu gets hurt and dies which makes Gilgamesh broken and afraid of death. After Enkidu’s death Gilgamesh goes out to find eternal life but at the end realizes that the only way to stay alive forever is to do good things in life and leave a make on the world and for Gilgamesh it was the walls of Uruk. So the basic view of the Sumerians was thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Because I Could Not Stop for Death Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pageswhere regular themes include death and mortality. One such poem that exemplifies her â€Å"dark side† is, â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death†. 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The Ancient Egyptian Style Of Ancient Egypt - 1351 Words

FNAR 200 Professor Heer 23 November 2015 KING NARMERS PALETTE The civilization of Ancient Egypt thrived from approximately 3100 bce until 30 bce, when the Roman Empire took control of the province. Unlike other ancient societies, however, where art would evolve and chance with new influences, the art of Ancient Egypt tends to look extremely similar for the entirety of those 300 years. The classical Egyptian style of art begins in the first dynasty, which is often considered to be ruled under King Narmer. The Narmer Palette (Fig. 1) is one of the most influential pieces of ancient Egyptian art for this very reason, as it portrays the joining of Upper and Lower Egypt into one solid empire that would continue to thrive for years to come at the fault of King Narmer. Unlike the art of prehistoric Egypt, dynastic art tends to focus on kingship and portraying the king as the sole ruler and most important figure in the civilization. Because of the powerful themes on both sides of the palette, the Narmer Palette has emerged as one o f the most crucial pieces of artwork from early Egypt as it represents the joining of the prehistoric past of the civilization and the pharaonic dynasty that was beginning to emerge. King Narmer is considered by historians to be the first pharaoh of unified Egypt. It is suggested that during his rule, he was responsible for uniting the former Upper and Lower Egypt to form one strong central Egypt, of which he became king. His kingship initiated theShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptian Art And Art907 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egyptian art is painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts constructed by the civilization of ancient Egypt in the lower Nile River from 3000 BC. Ancient Egyptian artist tried to idealize the universe, not as it actually existed, but more enduring and lasting symbols. They tended to portray life and people as they wished them to be and not how they actually are. 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Data Analysis for Decision Makers

Question: Discuss about the inferential statistics of continuous random variables. Answer: Introduction The price of any house is an important factor in the daily life. Every people have a desire to purchase his or her own house at a certain point of time. This purchase of the house mainly depends on the price of the house (Gelman et al. 2014). The price of the house is influenced by various factors. Data had been collected on surveying the houses of Singapore. Data for 50 samples were collected. Various factors of the house were also surveyed. These data would be subjected to various statistical methods. Discrete variables, continuous variables and categorical variables have been used in this data set (Ott and Longnecker 2015). Explanations of various statistical terms would be given in this assignment with the help of the given data set. Graphs and charts would represent the data more precisely. Discussion Descriptive statistics The data consist of both discrete and continuous variables. The price of the house, the distance from the house from its nearest railway station, the distance of the house from the nearest bus stop and the distance of the house from the nearest shop are all continuous variables. It was seen that the average price of the selected houses was $788580. This is calculated by dividing the total price of all the houses with the number of houses chosen for the experiment. The median of the price of the house was $778000 (Thomson and Emery 2014). The minimum value of the chosen houses found to be $310000 while the maximum price was $1354000. The range of the price of the chosen houses was $104400. The standard deviation of the price of house is $280708 while the variance was found to be $78797064.9 (Menke 2012). The standard deviation is calculated by the square root of the sum of the deviation of the prices from the mean divided by number of samples chosen. The variance is calculated by squa ring the standard deviation. Variance gives the amount of deviation of the samples from its mean value. The average of other continuous variables is given as follows. The average distance of the houses from the nearest railway station is 1.086 kilometres while the average distance from the nearest bus stop is 1.186 kilometres and the average distance from the nearest shop is 0.99 kilometres (Bazeley and Jackson 2013). The median of the distance from nearest railway station is 1.1kilometres, from the nearest bus stop is 1.25 kilometres and from the nearest shop is 1.1 kilometres. The minimum distance of the houses from all the three cases was 0.1 kilometres while the maximum distance of the houses from the nearest railway station is 2.100 kilometres, from the nearest bus stop is 2.700 kilometres and from the nearest shop is 1.900 kilometres. The range of the distance from the nearest railway station, nearest bus stop and nearest shop is 2 kilometres, 2.6 kilometres and 1.8 kilometres respectively (Dimaggio 2013). The standard deviation of the distance from the nearest railway station, n earest bus stop and nearest shop is 0.58554 kilometres, 0.76798 kilometres and 0.54332 kilometres respectively. The variance of the distance of the nearest railway station from the houses was found to be 0.3428 kilometres, the variance of the distance of the nearest bus stop from the houses was found to be 0.5898 kilometres and the variance of the distance of the nearest shop from the houses was found to be 0.2952 kilometres (Twisk 2013). Figure 1: Graph of price distribution of the houses (Source: created by author) Figure 2: Graph of the distribution of distance of house from station in kilometres (Source: created by author) Figure 3: Graph of the distribution of distance of house from bus stop in kilometres (Source: created by author) Figure 4: Graph of the distribution of distance of house from shops in kilometres (Source: created by author) Discrete random variables and its probability distributions The discrete random variables for the data set are number of rooms, age of the house, area of the house in square metre, and number of bedrooms. These variables give the details of each of the randomly selected houses. The Poisson distribution can be used to describe these variables (Miles et al. 2013). Poisson distribution and the interpretation of the data set Poisson distribution gives the probability of the occurrence of a number of independent events in a fixed period. In this data set, considering the intervals of distances of the house from nearest railway station, bus stop and shops, the probability of the prices to be high in the intervals could be predicted. Prices are said to be high if they are beyond $1000000 (Woodward 2013). The probability of occurrence of such prices within the intervals of distances could be found from the data set. This would give an idea about how the distance of the house from its nearest railway station; nearest bus stop and nearest shop affect the price of the houses. The probability of occurrence of the high priced house in the distance intervals would give an idea whether factors other than influences the price of the house or not. Inferential statistics Inferential statistics is defined as the collection of data from its population and its measures. The collected data is used to find various measures of statistics. These measures include descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and hypothesis testing. When the sample size is greater than thirty, Normal distribution Normal distribution is a common continuous probability distribution in the theory of probability. Normal distribution is mainly used in natural and social science in order to represent the random variables whose distribution was unknown. Central limit theorem makes the use of normal distribution an important one. Central limit theorem states that when a large number of samples are drawn independently from independent distributions, the average of these random variables converges to normal distribution (Balakrishnan 2013). The curve of the normal distribution is a bell shaped curve and the probability density of the normal distribution is given as follows: f (x/ , 2) = (1/ sqrt(2 2)) e (x- )^2/ 2 2 ; where is the mean value of the distribution and 2 is the variance of the distribution. Reasons for normal distribution used in sampling distribution The commonly used probability distribution for continuous distribution is the normal distribution. According to the central limit theorem, it was seen that the distribution of large samples tend to normal distribution. This tendency of every variable to follow the normal distributions leads to the concept of using normal distribution for sampling distribution (Kleinbaum et al. 2013). Moreover, using normal distribution in sampling distribution helps in easy calculations of sampling distributions and this distribution is usually considered as the standard distribution for sampling distributions (Balakrishnan 2013). The basis for Inferential Statistics The basis of inferential statistics is the Central Limit theorem. The samples drawn from large population are used to estimate the characteristics of the population. The probable value of mean of the population can be guessed from the mean of the samples drawn from the population. The standard deviation and variance of the sample gives the probable value of the standard deviation and variance of the population (Boy-Roura et al. 2015). Inferential statistics helps to infer about the population using one or more samples from the population. Inferential statistics gives an idea about whether the difference between the groups of variables occurs by chance or they are real. The basis of inferential statistics is the assumptions that could be made about the populations from the selected samples. Inference could be drawn about the larger groups on studying the variables of the smaller groups (Ciarleglio et al. 2016). It is not possible to study the whole population, as it would be logistically impossible, too much expensive and time consuming. The method of sampling and inferences drawn from the statistics, helps to infer about the population in reduced cost, with great accuracy and more scope to yield information (Pineda et al. 2015). More attention can be given to each of the samples and the results could be more accurate for the sample statistics. The sample statistics would infer a better result about the population from which the sample is selected. Confidence interval Explanation of continuous random variable Continuous random variables are those variables who take all the values in a given interval. These random variables are defined as the possible outcomes of the random variables in a definite interval of real numbers (Zhai et al. 2013). Continuous random variables are uncountably infinite; i.e. they have too many possible values to list out as the possible outcome of any problem. Measuring of continuous random variable can be done with high level of precession than the discrete random variables. Explanation of a confidence interval The range of values that describe uncertainty by surrounding an estimate is called confidence interval of the values. A confidence interval is indicated by the endpoints of the intervals. Lower limit and upper limit of the interval gives the value of the confidence interval. Confidence interval also defines the range of values that most probably encompass the true value (Altman et al. 2013). Confidence interval of the statistic is computed in such a way that the interval have a specific chance of containing the value of the corresponding parameter of the population. Construction of the confidence interval Confidence interval of any set of data is constructed by first choosing its level of significance. The level of significance is indicates the true probable value of the data to lie in the given confidence interval. Confidence interval is calculated by determining the lower limit and upper limit of the data set. The z value of the test is found by using the level of significance of the test. This value is used to calculate the lower limit and upper limit of the confidence interval. The lower limit is computed by subtracting the product of z value and standard deviation from the mean value of the data set. The upper limit is computed by adding the product of z value and standard deviation to the mean of the data set. Thus, the confidence interval is constructed using the lower limit and upper limit of the test. From the result of the data set, it was seen that the upper limit of the prices of the houses of Singapore is 1707.2 and the lower limit of the prices of the houses of Singapore is 186.97. The interval (186.97, 1701.2) gives the confidence interval of the price of the houses of Singapore at 95% level of significance. Interpretation of the confidence interval Confidence interval helps to determine the probable range of values between which the values of the data set would lie. In the given data set, the confidence interval of the given data set is given as (186.97, 1701.2) at 95% level of significance (Siegmund 2013). This indicates that there is a probability of 95% for the values of the data set to lie within the interval of (186.97, 1701.2). This helps to determine the expected value of the population and the interval in which they would lie. Regression method The method of regression is used to estimate the relationships between the variables. There are two types of variables in a data set; dependent variable and independent variables. Regression methods help to determine the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables (Cumming 2013). The independent variables do not posses any multi co linearity. The method of regression helps to understand the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. It also denotes how the value of the dependent variable changes with the change in the values of the independent variable. From the values of the data set, it was seen that the dependent variable is the price of the houses and the independent variables are the other factors. The regression equation is given as follows: Y = 1751.3982 86.5995x1 4.42955x2 + 0.099x3 119.1857x4+27.601 x5 79.134 x6 2.073 x7 34.833x8 + 3.1486 x9 This shows that the price of the houses is negatively correlated with number of rooms, age of the house, distance of house from station (km), distance of house from shops (in km), number of bedrooms and number of storeys (Altman et al. 2013). The slopes of these variables are negative and this indicates that the increase in the values of these variables leads to decrease in the price of the houses of Singapore. The variables Area of house (in sq m) distance of house from bus stop (km) and type of Kitchen has a positive slope and the value of the price of the house of Singapore would increase with the increase in the values of these variables (Ciarleglio et al. 2016). The regression equation is used to interpolate the values of the dependent variables using the values of the independent variables. Conclusion The values of the price of houses of Singapore had been subjected to various statistical methods. The factors that influence the prices of the houses of Singapore were also subjected to statistical methods of measures of central tendency and methods of variations. Confidence interval of the prices of the houses of Singapore had been calculated, which gave the 95% probability of the values to lie in the interval of (186.97, 1701.2). Regression analysis was done to understand the method of interpolation of the value of dependent variable with the help of independent variables. The assignment also gave an idea about the inferential statistics of continuous random variables. References Altman, D., Machin, D., Bryant, T. and Gardner, M. eds., 2013.Statistics with confidence: confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. John Wiley Sons. Balakrishnan, N., 2013.Handbook of the logistic distribution. CRC Press. Bazeley, P. and Jackson, K. eds., 2013.Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Sage Publications Limited. Boy-Roura, M., Cameron, K.C. and Di, H.J., 2015. Identification of nitrate leaching loss indicators through regression methods based on a meta-analysis of lysimeter studies.Environmental Science and Pollution Research, pp.1-10. Ciarleglio, A., Petkova, E., Tarpey, T. and Ogden, R.T., 2016. Flexible functional regression methods for estimating individualized treatment rules.Stat,5(1), pp.185-199. Cumming, G., 2013.Understanding the new statistics: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. Routledge. Dimaggio, C., 2013.Introduction(pp. 1-5). Springer New York. Gelman, A., Carlin, J.B., Stern, H.S. and Rubin, D.B., 2014.Bayesian data analysis(Vol. 2). Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman Hall/CRC. Kleinbaum, D., Kupper, L., Nizam, A. and Rosenberg, E., 2013.Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. Nelson Education. Menke, W., 2012.Geophysical data analysis: discrete inverse theory. Academic press. Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M. and Saldana, J., 2013.Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Ott, R.L. and Longnecker, M., 2015.An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. Nelson Education. Pineda, S., Real, F.X., Kogevinas, M., Carrato, A., Chanock, S.J., Malats, N. and Van Steen, K., 2015. Integration analysis of three omics data using penalized regression methods: An application to bladder cancer.PLoS Genet,11(12), p.e1005689. Siegmund, D., 2013.Sequential analysis: tests and confidence intervals. Springer Science Business Media. Thomson, R.E. and Emery, W.J., 2014.Data analysis methods in physical oceanography. Newnes. Twisk, J.W., 2013.Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology: a practical guide. Cambridge University Press. Woodward, M., 2013.Epidemiology: study design and data analysis. CRC Press. Zhai, Y., Cui, L., Zhou, X., Gao, Y., Fei, T. and Gao, W., 2013. Estimation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in the leaves of different plants using laboratory-based visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy: comparison of partial least-square regression and support vector machine regression methods.International journal of remote sensing,34(7), pp.2502-2518.

Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example Essay Example

Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example Paper Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Introduction The contemporary map of conflicts in Africa does not showcase Nigeria- and for a good reason: there are no international peace keeping forces there. The main theatres of conflict on the continent have for the better part of the last two decades been the Great Lakes region, the Horn of Africa, and parts of West Africa. These include countries such as: Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone and Cà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te d’Ivoire. To the Horn of Africa sample must be added Eritrea, which despite having secured independence from Ethiopia, still has unresolved border issues with that country. However, as far as armed conflicts are concerned, Nigeria does have some experience – if one recalls that between 1967 and 1970, only a few years after gaining independence from Britain (in 1960), the country was engulfed in a bloody civil war. It cannot be reasonably assumed that the Nigerian government and people have done all they should to prevent the tensions and ‘civil disturbances’ which frequently erupt, or have become endemic, in different parts of the country from escalating into ‘bleeding’ conflicts. Such tensions include the restiveness in the Niger Delta (Nigeria’s oil and gas province) – a region that has since the early 1990s witnessed an almost unbroken orgy of violence and militarization. Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Body Paragraphs The Niger Delta lies in the south of the country and consists of nine states and nearly 70,000 square kilometers of land and waterways. This area accounts for over 90 per cent of Nigeria’s known gas and oil reserves, which in turn accounted for nearly 80 per cent of total government revenues. As Nigeria’s economic powerhouse, the Delta is important to the country’s economic standing, as well as to the politicians who benefit from the incoming revenue. Mismanagement of oil revenues since independence, corruption, the failure to redistribute oil wealth, the utter lack of development in the Delta, and environmental damage arising from oil related exploration related activities have hardened the resolve of those living in the region to agitate for change, and increased popular support for those groups fighting for a better deal. Militancy has grown in the Delta in response to the continued lack of attention to the basic needs of the population: Social instability, po or local governance, competition for economic resources and environmental degradation has taken a toll . . . . The delta today is a place of frustrated expectation and deep-rooted mistrust . . . [where] [l]ong years of neglect and conflict have fostered a siege mentality (UNDP, 2006, p. 16)1. The grievances of those living in the Delta are well founded. The population suffers from environmental contamination resulting from the operations of oil companies and the oil bunkering (illegal tapping of oil pipelines) of armed groups. Oil spills and gas flaring have negatively affected agricultural land, water sources, and air quality. In return, the population has received very little from the government, which benefits from the high revenues earned from selling oil overseas. Legally, the population has no control over the oil that sits beneath their land, and no claim to the profits accrued through its sale. The percentage of revenue received by oil-producing states has increased to 13 pe r cent from less than 2 per cent under military rule, but this funding goes to state coffers, with few visible signs of it being spent to improve the lives of people in local communities. Although the incidence of poverty is said to have declined since 1996 in the Delta (UNDP, 2006, p. 58)2, the lack of roads, the limited health care and education facilities, high unemployment, and limited future prospects underline the neglect by the state and federal governments. While there are legitimate grievances in the Delta, not all violence can be equated with a fight for justice, development, or equitable distribution of oil revenues. The Delta has witnessed the emergence of a plethora of armed groups over the past decades. Some of these groups agitate for change in the political situation and in the distribution of resources. More often, the push is not for democratic governance or an even distribution of oil revenues, but rather a call for the right to all oil revenues for oil-producing areas. In other words, it is a claim for resource control and financial revenue to be ceded to the oil producing states where decisions about distribution can then be made, thereby taking this decision-making power out of the hands of the federal government. Other groups merely take advantage of the lack of law and order in the area to engage in criminal activities and oil bunkering aimed at profit or territorial control. Although many groups use the legitimate problems in the Delta to justify their actions, no group has come forward with a political and economic plan of its own on how to resolve the concerns of the Delta communities. Given the difficulty in obtaining information on armed groups, as well as the fluidity with which they evolve, it is difficult to obtain an exact figure for the number of these groups active in the Delta today or accurate information about their activities. The numbers continue to change as groups emerge, merge, or disappear. While smaller groups certa inly have an impact at the local level, there are perhaps only a handful of groups large enough to affect the dynamics of the region as a whole. The most prominent group currently active in the Niger Delta is the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). Other active groups include the Coalition for Militant Action in the Niger Delta (COMA), the Joint Revolutionary Council (JRC), the Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force (NDPVF), and a number of cult groups, such as the Outlaws and Icelander. Armed groups have increased their use of violent tactics over the past year in the form of kidnappings, battles with security forces, clashes with one another, and car bombs, which is a more recent tactic. Such groups are demonstrating increasingly sophisticated tactics and weaponry, raising concerns about future violence. Those groups with more purely economic motives have joined the fray by tapping into the illegal oil-bunkering trade and kidnapping international oil and construction workers for ransom. The response of the government has been an increase in the militarization of its approach to the Delta crisis, but this strategy has not yielded the dividends intended. Instead, this heavy-handed approach seems to have spurred on the armed groups, solidified their commitment to armed struggle, encouraged recruitment, oil pipeline Vandalization, and raised public support for some of these groups. â€Å"Those who proclaim the death of sovereignty misread the history. The nation state has a keen instinct for survival and has so far adapted to new challenges, even the challenge of globalization† (Krasner, 2001: 20). He also argues that globalization is not a new challenge or phenomena. Even though I agree that globalization is not something of today, the question that remains is whether contemporary globalization is likely to have a different impact on the nation state then that of the past? For today’s globalization distinguishes itself fr om that of the past in terms of rapid communication, market liberalization and the global integration of goods, services and production. Taking the example of the European supremacy era in world trade, and its relation with the Far East, we can speak of a global trade and exchange of goods and services. This explains the difference between modern globalization and that of the past. Even though it might not be appropriated to compare the ancient world with today’s modern nation states, as we did not have independent and sovereign states then; we had independent regions. For example, China was not dependent on economical relations with Europe in the past; nor was Europe on China. But today there is an increasingly growing interdependency between them. The nation states are compelled to build relations with other states in order to sell their goods, services and develop a stronger and larger economy. So due to this interdependency we can undermine one of the three-fold capacitie s of a sovereign state -the absolute freedom from any external force, which shapes the conduct of the nation states. Although states are not literally forced to modify their conduct toward the international society or other states, it is in their interest to do so. Part of the sovereignty is also the ability of a state to solve its domestic problems on its own. But since problems and threats are getting more globalized, it is almost impossible for a state to act alone and entirely independent. Taking the international crime as an example, let’s assume there is a weapon trade between two criminal organizations rooted in Germany and in The Netherlands. In order to demolish this crime network The Netherlands is dependent on the assistance of Germany and vice versa. This undermines the second notion of sovereignty, which is absolute supremacy over internal affairs within its territory. Also seen from a philosophical point of view, there is a demising process in the sovereignty of nation state. The emergence of International Human Rights Organization, which is based on the Kantian philosophy that views the world as a community of free individuals; a community where nations and borders are no longer relevant or of any meaning. According to this philosophy one can speak of a world, which is going toward a global civil society. It might be worth mentioning what the notion of global civil society stands for. Originally the notion of civil society referred to, or was characterized by, a social contract. â€Å"Civil society was a type of state on the We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings

Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† Maya is a strong willed, often stubborn, outgoing, somewhat outspoken, and rather intelligent girl. She becomes very tolerant due to some of her experiences. She also matures faster mentally than many other girls her age because of her situation and experiences. From the time she was young and through adolescence, Maya considered herself ugly. She was a tall, somewhat lanky African American. She was skinny, and felt that her eyes were too small and squinty. She was also ashamed of her large feet. Throughout the story, Maya is discouraged by the segregation of the blacks. For a long time she is denied the job that she wishes to have because of the color of her skin. Also, she wants her family to be together and to be happy. She is separated from her parents at a young age and lives with her grandmother and uncle for most of her childhood. When she is with her parents, she tends to feel secondary. There is always something a touch more important that she and her brother Baily. Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† When the book begins, Angelou is a young child, a mere three years old. As she grows up, though somewhat sheltered by her grandmother’s position as a general store owner, her eyes are opened to the current ways of the South. Blacks are lesser people that whites, and that was the way it was for her. On several occasions she watched in horror as young girls called her grandmother by her first name, when they should have been respectful and at lease used â€Å"Miss†. Once breaking the segregation barrier for herself, she gets a job with the Streetcar Company. Having a job, and the responsibility that comes with it, she mentally matures faster than the other children her age. While living with her mother t... Free Essays on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Free Essays on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† Maya is a strong willed, often stubborn, outgoing, somewhat outspoken, and rather intelligent girl. She becomes very tolerant due to some of her experiences. She also matures faster mentally than many other girls her age because of her situation and experiences. From the time she was young and through adolescence, Maya considered herself ugly. She was a tall, somewhat lanky African American. She was skinny, and felt that her eyes were too small and squinty. She was also ashamed of her large feet. Throughout the story, Maya is discouraged by the segregation of the blacks. For a long time she is denied the job that she wishes to have because of the color of her skin. Also, she wants her family to be together and to be happy. She is separated from her parents at a young age and lives with her grandmother and uncle for most of her childhood. When she is with her parents, she tends to feel secondary. There is always something a touch more important that she and her brother Baily. Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† When the book begins, Angelou is a young child, a mere three years old. As she grows up, though somewhat sheltered by her grandmother’s position as a general store owner, her eyes are opened to the current ways of the South. Blacks are lesser people that whites, and that was the way it was for her. On several occasions she watched in horror as young girls called her grandmother by her first name, when they should have been respectful and at lease used â€Å"Miss†. Once breaking the segregation barrier for herself, she gets a job with the Streetcar Company. Having a job, and the responsibility that comes with it, she mentally matures faster than the other children her age. While living with her mother t... Free Essays on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: Movie and Book The novel, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings", by Maya Angelou is the first series of five autobiographical novels. This novel tells about her life in rural Stamps, Arkansas with her religious grandmother and St. Louis, Missouri, where her worldly and glamorous mother resides. At the age of three Maya and her four-year old brother, Bailey, are turned over to the care of their paternal grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Southern life in Stamps, Arkansas was filled with humiliation, violation, and displacement. These actions were exemplified for blacks by the fear of the Ku Klux Klan, racial separation of the town, and the many incidents in belittling blacks. Maya knows that to be black and female is to be faced with violence and violation. This is brought into focus when she goes to live with her mother and is raped by her mother’s boyfriend. When Maya is faced with this catastrophe, tells who did this to her, and the man is killed, she believes her voice killed him. She withdraws into herself and vows never to speak again. Her mother feeling that she has done everything in her power to make Maya talk, but can cannot reach her, sends Maya and her brother back to Stamps. After Maya returns to Stamps and with the help of her Teacher-Ms. Flowers she begins to speak again. The culmination of the novel is when Maya describes her eighth grade graduation. Angelou, her classmates, and parents listen to the condescending and racist manner in which the guest speaker talks. After listening to his insults, Ma... Free Essays on I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Literary Analysis As shown in by Maya Angelou, Cat’s in the Cradle by Harry Chapin and Family Portrait by Alicia Moore, family greatly affects who a person grows up to be. All of these writings show examples of children living their lives based on how their parents lived their lives. However, they all have different styles and methods of expressing their ideas. In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the author tells about her home life using metaphors. She speaks of them almost as if they were interesting people she just happened to come into contact with in her life, other than her family. Maya Angelou very rarely quoted anything her mother said. She talks about her a lot, but didn’t include much dialogue between her mother and herself in her memoirs. However, she did comment a lot on her mother’s exterior. â€Å"My mother’s beauty literally assailed me. Her red lips split to show even white teeth and her fresh-butter color looked see-through clean.† Maya commented on her mother’s appearance quite often, which led me to believe that she never really knew her mother all that well. All she knew was what she saw. This is quite the same in Family Portrait by Alicia Moore. The only side of her parents it seemed she was quite aware of was the side that was always fighting, always angry. â€Å"Mama ple ase stop crying, I can’t stand the sound.† It seemed that her parents were never content with their home situation. It was a never-ending quest to prove to her mother and father that she could be better. Unlike in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, this author seemed to be blaming herself for all the wrong that existed in her family. â€Å"I won’t spill the milk at dinner, I’ll be so much better, I’ll do everything right, I’ll be your little girl forever, I’ll go to sleep at night.† The author recognized the hardships in the family and tried to get the characters to fix their own problems. The theme in C...

Case Analisys Report - Microsoft Antitrust Battles Essay

Case Analisys Report - Microsoft Antitrust Battles - Essay Example ses the primary stakeholders in the case, a legal analysis, as well as an ethical analysis of the different issues surrounding the antitrust case against Microsoft. It also includes a discussion of different factors that may have contributed to Microsoft’s display of unethical behavior as well as factors that need to be addressed to resolve the issues. The paper gives recommendations on what actions are needed to deal with the legal/ethical issues as well as policies that the company can adopt to prevent such incidents from recurring in the future. Although the partnership between William H. Gates (more commonly known as Bill Gates) and Paul G. Allen has been established in the year 1975, it was not until a year after that the trade name Microsoft Corporation was officially registered in New Mexico with the Office of the Secretary of the State (Microsoft, 2005). Since then, Microsoft has become renowned worldwide for their extensive range of original products and software as well as their laudable skills in marketing and advertising their products. As popular the reputation of Microsoft Corporations might be, they have been face with numerous cases regarding alleged violations of ethical and legal matters. These issues have cropped up in connection with Microsoft’s control of certain markets related to the selling of computer and software. The earliest inquiry was way back in the year 1990 regarding breach of the Clayton and Sherman antitrust laws. Since then, other complaints from several large corporations such as Apple Computer, Sun Microsystem, and Netscape Communications have been brought against Microsoft Corporation. The most recent antitrust complaint was from Opera Software ASA in the year 2007 with regard to Microsoft’s manipulation of web browser by combining the Windows operating system with Internet Explorer, thereby going against accepted web standards (Opera Software, 2007). These complaints have had an effect on Microsoft financially, when

How and why might violence against women be perceived as indicator of Essay

How and why might violence against women be perceived as indicator of unequal citizenship - Essay Example This paper presents a very thoughtful argument as to why and how violence against women is an indicator of unequal citizenship. It explores the aspect of gender violence as a whole providing particular forms of violence affecting women, locations where these forms of violence take place, role of government in eliminating violence, and the key political values and forms of citizenship linked either directly or indirectly to the increased widespread of gender violence. Indeed, violence against women can be seen as an indicator of unequal citizenship in that from ancient times; women have been perceived as having no value in the society and considered as a man’s property. They were mandated to be submissive to their husbands and not perform industrial activities; they were forced to early marriage, and practiced female genital mutilations as well as mistreating widows like inciting them to commit suicide.2 In addition, with all these, there is no equal citizenship because men alw ays dominate and abuse women but a few or no perpetrators are brought to justice. For instance, there have been claims that death sentence as a rape case charge does not end violence but failure to prosecute rapists does not eliminate violence either. Today, feminist movements have addressed the issue of violence and discrimination aggressively as a criminal act so as to ensure that there is equality and elimination of gender discrimination because women need to be treated fairly equally as men. Additionally, violence against women serves, as a perfect example of unequal citizenship in that, the fact that women are not equally given chance to occupy some offices is a sign of inequality and as a result, women feel left out. Even though most women in the contemporary world are offered different job opportunities and others are even designated some tasks that are usually performed by men, they are still discriminated in some sectors. This to some extent can be seen as an indicator of u nequal citizenship. Furthermore, existences of forms of violence that affect women across a variety of location like battering, domestic violence, sexual violence among others, and the fact that responsible bodies cannot aggressively address them confirms gender imbalance and unequal citizenship. For instance, most societal members especially men believe that wife battering not a big issue and it is something that must be done as a way of ‘disciplining women’. More so, violence against women shows unequal citizenship since it has been noted that popular form of violence against women globally is intimate partner violence commonly referred to as domestic violence. This is what has been happening and is still happening but the government cannot work on this to offer complete protection of women. Psychological violence where a man dominates a woman and literally forcing her to be submissive to him as well as exploiting her economically,3 persists. Indeed, this confirms tha t violence against women is a manifestation of unequal citizenship in our societies. Truly, violence against women indicates unequal citizenship because men usually abuse women in other ways like sex working, child abuse and trafficking and yet, just like men they are supposed to be protected.4 As a result, only few perpetrators are held accountable of their inhuman acts and it has been confirmed that some police officers threaten the victims to never say a word. This for sure can be seen as lack of protection of wome

September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Americans’ Preparedness for Disaster Essay Example for Free

September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Americans’ Preparedness for Disaster Essay The September 11, 2001 terrorist strikes on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center were arguably the heaviest attacks on the U.S. soil since the Pearl Harbor attack by the Japanese in 1941. The attacks, masterminded from one of the poorest countries in the world, shook the core of the world richest and most powerful nation. Many Americans still believe that the colossal intelligence machinery failed to intercept the hits, even when it had sufficient evidence that an attack was looming (Betts, 2008). The U. S. intelligence community missed or chose to overlook some of the strongest indicators of the imminent attack. Some of the pilots who launched the attacks trained in the U.S. In June, 2001, a detective observed that flight schools in Arizona were populated by an â€Å"inordinate number of individuals of investigative interest† (Betts, 2008). Having learnt earlier that the Al-Qaeda was planning to launch â€Å"plane operations,† the FBI missed to connect the imminent operations and the suspect flying students (National Commission on Terrorists Attacks Upon the United States, 2004). The former students were part of the 9/11 strike team (Marquise, 2008). One of the plotters of the 9/11 strikes, Ramzi Yousef (a Pakistani) had been arrested in the Philippines where he planned to down 11 airliners in 1995. He escaped and fled to Pakistan. His partner told the police that he planned to ram a plane into the CIA headquarters. Yousef was nephew to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed who plotted the plane attacks in the Philippines and later masterminded the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. intelligence was aware of an Al Qaeda operation in the offing after surveilling a meeting of Al-Qaeda bigwigs in Malaysia in January 2000. According to Marquise (2008), the intelligence did not share the information with the law enforcement agencies to tighten surveillance within the US and at the entry points. The US would have pre-empted the attack if it had acted promptly and conclusively on the â€Å"Phoenix memo† which was written by the agent who noted the suspicious persons attending flying lessons in Arizona (Betts, 2008). In the memo, the agent raised concern that Osama bin Laden was likely to be planning an attack. He recommended that the FBI investigate the flight students. Investigators only paid attention to the memo after the attack. The attackers who trained in the US entered the country legally, and were granted tourist visas. Even as they entered the country however, custom officers noted anomalies with their applications but went ahead to allow them in. In June 2001, Saeed al Ghamdi entered the US with only $500, a one-way ticket and no address on the I-94 form. Investigations showed that six of the hijackers had contravened immigration laws during their months of stay yet none had been arrested. The Immigration Department could therefore have averted the attacks had its agents detected the overstays and violations of student status (National Commission on Terrorists Attacks Upon the United States, n.d). There is no evidence of either Washington D.C. or New York having employed a hazard or vulnerability analysis to plan for a disaster of the kind and magnitude of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. While the authorities of both cities were not in a strong position to avert the attacks, their reaction in the time following the strikes was catastrophic. Besides the people who were killed by the crashes, hundreds of responders succumbed to illness as a result of exposure to the atmospheric conditions occasioned by the explosions. The responders worked in an asbestos-contaminated environment yet they worked without respirators (Levin, S. et al., 2004). Residents of Lower Manhattan were assured that the â€Å"air was safe† yet tens of thousands perished after contact with the toxic fumes later (Mason, 2007). New York and Washington D.C authorities were unwilling to admit their unpreparedness and were quick to declare the air and water safe while it was not. References Betts, R. (2008). Two Faces of Intelligence Failure: September 11 and Iraq’s Missing WMD. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 122, No. 4. Levin, S., Herbert, R., Moline, J., Todd, A., Stevenson, L., Landsbergis, P., Jiang, W., Skloot, G., Baron, S. Enright, P. (2004). Physical Health Status of World Trade Center Rescue and Recovery Workers and Volunteers- New York City, July 2002 – August 2004. Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 292 Issue 15. Marquise, R. (2004). Terrorism Threat Indicators. The Counter Terrorist. Mason, M. (2007). The 9/11 Cover-Up. Discover, Vol. 28, Issue 10. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report. New York.

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee :: essays research papers

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was one of the great novelists of nineteenth century Bengal. He was a literary pioneer and nationalist who had an exceptional ability to communicate with and arouse the masses. Bankim Chandra was born on 26th June 1838 in the village of Kathalpara, near Naihati, District 24 Parganas, West Bengal. He belonged to a distinguished family. Bankim was the yongest of three sons of Jadabchandra Chatterjee and Durgadebi. His father was a Deputy Collector. Even as a child Bankim showed great courage and virtuosity and never had any fear of the 'gora sahebs'- (the British). He was always brilliant in his studies and started writing poetry at a young age. Bankim studied law from the Presidency College in Calcutta and was one of the first two graduates of the Calcutta University in 1858. He was immediately appointed- Deputy Magistrate by the British colonial government - a job he grudgingly held for three decades. However, Bankim continued his literary pursuits. He chose fiction as his theme and the first novel by him to appear in print was Rajmohan's Wife. It was written in English. His first Bengali novel was Durgeshnandini, and was published in 1865. The next novel Kapalkundala(1866) is one of the best romances written by Chatterjee. However Bankim Chandra wanted to stimulate the intellect of the Bengali speaking people through his works and bringing about a cultural revival. With this end in view he brought out and edited the monthly Bangadarshan in 1872. Bamkim was also a nationalist to the core. His goal was the revival of national pride in protest against British rule. In 1882, Anandamath was published. Anandamath became his most famous as well as his most political novel and a source of inspiration for the patriots fighting for the freedom of our country from the British rule. The chant of "Vande Mataram", was coined in this novel and it soon became a patriotic hymn that arou sed the entire nation to fight for their freedom.

Corporate Law and Governance Essay

Question 1 Bryan, Sarah, Jason, Calvin and Rubini are interested in starting a travel agency specializing in tours around Sabah. They are keen in having an office at Damai, Kota Kinabalu and to hire a few staff. Their initial capital is RM30, 000 each. They are also planning to acquire MPV vans to cater to small groups of travelers. All of them agreed to be involved in the management of the business and to make decision together. However, they are seeking your advice as to which business structure would best serve their purpose.  Advise Bryan, Sarah, Jason, Calvin and Rubini. (15 marks) Question 2 If they have decided to form a private limited company for their business, what are the things they need to consider in incorporating a company? They would like to use Friendly Tours Sdn Bhd as the name of their business. Also, they agreed to appoint Rubini as the Managing Director of the company for 5 years. Advise them in the drafting of the Memorandum and Article of Association. (15 marks) Question 3 In May 2013, they would like to expand their business in exporting fresh food and vegetables to Sarawak.  They are not sure whether they are allowed to divert from their initial objective in travel agency business. They also would like to change their business name to Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd. In the recent meeting, Sarah was appointed as Managing Director of their business instead of Rubini as stated in the Article of Association. Advise Bryan, Sarah, Jason, Calvin and Rubini in the situations above. (15 marks) Question 1 There are three types of business structure which are sole proprietorship, artnership and company. Choosing the right type of business structure is one of the most important choices of all for which they have to make when starting a business. Not only will this decision has an impact on their liability, it will also affect their ability to raise capital, management and decision making rights. Since there are five people who are interested in starting new business, it is important for them to compare and choose whether a partnership or company will best suit to their purpose. According to Section 3(1) of Partnership Act 1961, a partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on business in common with a view of profit. In other words, they must continuously carry on travel agency business and all partners agreed to operate the travelling business together with the intention to make profits from it. As for company, it is an artificial legal person who is bound by law to manage company. It is a separate legal entity for which its legal identity separates itself from its members, officers, employees and others who form the company. In term of management and decision making, there are two types of partners in partnership: dormant partner who is not participate in management of the firm and managing partner who manages and makes all business decision of the firm, subject to any agreement requiring them to obtain consent of all other partners. According to the situation, all five of them are agreed to be involved in the management and to make decision together, so it is confirmed that they are all managing partners of the partnership and it is clearly set out in their written agreement. Hence, they are entitled to manage the partnership together and they have a wider pool of skills, knowledge and experiences collectively from all partners, so they have more inputs and suggestions to a better management of the business. In decision making wise, any major decision relating to any change which will affect the nature of the partnership must obtain the consent of all partners by carrying out formal meeting. For instance, type of business carried on, admission and removal of partners, and dissolution of partnership. Otherwise, they can freely make decision in their own or perhaps together by carrying out a less formal meeting, provided they are acted in good faith. As for a company, although only person who are appointed as director has the power to manage the company, members of the company have the definite voting rights in any major decision making. So, director has to comply with statutory requirements, which is to carry out general meetings by sending out notices of meeting to all members and must pass certain resolution from the members in order to obtain their consent and reach a decision. Yet, the procedures in decision making in a company compared to a partnership is more tedious and time-consuming, especially when facing crucial matters to be solved in short amount of time. So, it is better to form a partnership in terms of management and decision making. As mentioned previously, partnership is not a separate legal entity and hence, they are having unlimited liability. All partners are personally and jointly responsible for all debts and obligations of the firm. Not only it might end up with dissolution of the partnership, personal properties of partners can be seized to settle the business when the firm’s fund is insufficient to cover debts and obligations incurred during the ordinary course of the business. Unlike a company, it is a separate legal entity which separates itself from its members. As a result, only company is fully liable for debts and obligations incurred by itself while members’ liability is only limited to the unpaid amount of their shares capital, as established in case Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd. The creditors claimed that Salomon and his company were one and the same and they should be repaid in top priority. However, the court held that he is not liable for debts of the company due to separate legal entity. Hence, in the event of winding up, creditors cannot bring actions against members of the company to contribute more than their initial contribution in debts settlement and so, their personal assets are not affected. Therefore, it is better to form a company in term of personal liability. Apart from that, they are planning to acquire several MPV vans in order to support their business but apparently their initial capital contribution which is totaling RM150, 000 is merely sufficient to acquire one or two second-hand MPV van. So, in term of raising capital, partnership’s fund is raised through capital contribution by all partners. If they wish to raise more capital by admitting more partners into the business but prior to admission, they must dissolve the partnership and form a new partnership consisting old and new members again, and perhaps their previous written agreement must be re-wrote. However, continuous admission of new partner may not be the solution if they wish to expand the business as the amount of capital contribution from each partner may not collectively big enough to do so. As for company, a private limited may normally issue shares or debentures to family, friends or employees by way of a private arrangement while a public limited may invite public to subscribe for its shares or debentures. Also, a private limited may convert to public limited by passing special resolution to raise more capital. Despite the risk of being a new business and compilation of statutory procedures, the amount of capital raised may be relatively more than the amount of capital contributed by each partners in the partnership. Therefore, it is better to form a company in term of raising capital and business expansion. Furthermore, partnership is not a separate legal entity and it can be easily dissolved upon the death, retirement, or new admission of any partner. Hence, partnership’s duration of existence is uncertain and has a finite lifespan. Meanwhile, since company is a separate legal entity, it has the characteristic of perpetual succession. In other words, despite any changes occur in its membership, they should not worry about dissolution of the company as it is has an infinite lifespan and exists perpetually until it is legally wound up or deregistered. As such in case Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd, a husband and wife who were the only directors and members of the company were killed in an accident but the court held that the company is not affected by the accident and would continue to exist. Therefore, it is better to form a company in term of duration of existence. In conclusion, compared to a partnership, they are recommended to form a company in terms of limited liability of members, easier to raise more capital and its perpetual succession. Question 2 When they have chosen to form a private limited company, they should appoint a promoter to assist them in formation of company by performing secretarial services. Firstly, the promoter must conduct name search on the availability of proposed company’s name. Next, incorporation documents such as Memorandum of Association (hereinafter referred as MA), Articles of Association (hereinafter referred as AA), statutory declarations and any prescribed forms must be lodged with Registrar of Companies’ (hereinafter referred as ROC) within three months from the date of approval of the company’s name. Upon submission of documents and payment of fees, ROC will issue certificate of incorporation to them. In MA, they need to state the name clause, registered office, object clause, share capital clause and liability clause. While setting out name clause, they need to apply name search to ROC to check on the availability of their company’s intended name which is Friendly Tours Sdn Bhd. However, care must be taken where they should not register their company in a name that in opinion of ROC is undesirable or unaccepted by the Ministers, and also confusingly similar to the name of an existing company. In addition, they must include ‘Sendirian Berhad’ or the abbreviation ‘Sdn Bhd’ in their company’s name as it is a private limited company. Once they obtain bona fide approval from ROC, the name is reserved for three months from the date of approval. Next, they should set travel agency business which tours around Sabah as their company’s principal object clause and from thereafter it defines their company’s legal capacity when entering into any contract. Yet, in order to expand their company’s legal capacity and evade ultra vires act, they are advised to draft their object clause in widest possible terms by including many conceivable forms of activities, either dependent or independent to company’s principal object clause i. e. ravelling business, and each of it should be regarded as a separate and independent object in its own paragraph. Furthermore, they have to state the amount of company’s initial authorized share capital, which is RM150, 000 and its division into shares of a fixed amount, which can be 150,000 ordinary shares of RM1 per share. They can increase or decrease their authorized share capital in future by passing ordinary resolution. Also, their liability as a member in the company also must be stated, which is limited to the unpaid amount on their share capital, to protect their personal assets in the event of winding up. Other information such as company’s registered office which located at Damai, Kota Kinabalu, subscribers clause and association clause must also be stated in MA. As a private limited company, it is open for them to decide whether to adopt its own AA which meets company’s requirements, adopt Table A of Fourth Schedule as its AA or a combination of Table A articles with specific articles designed to meet company’s requirements. However, under Section 30(2) of Companies Act 1965, Table A will be AA of their company if they failed to register its articles upon registration. Any further alteration of AA is required to pass special resolution under some conditions. In drafting of AA, information such as appointment and removal of directors should be included in AA. To be appointed as a director, Rubini must be a natural person which is at least 18 years old and not being disqualified from being a director. Since they are forming a private limited company, they are allowed to name Rubini as Managing Director of the company and state a five years term of office in AA provided she is not 70 years old and above. Then, they should ensure that the company has at least two directors including Rubini who shall be named in AA as the first directors of the company and will hold office until the first Annual General Meeting where they will automatically retire (except Rubini in this situation). If they adopt Articles 64, 66 and 67 of Table A, retiring directors may be reappointed and the company may increase or decrease the number of directors in a general meeting by ordinary resolution. Furthermore, board of directors may have the power to appoint anyone as a director either to fill in casual vacancy or addition to existing board members if they adopt Articles 68 of Table A. Also, they have rights as members of the company to remove a director by ordinary resolution before his term of office expires. Yet, it is always subjected to company’s AA such as a provision is provided not to remove a director. They should also include the duties and powers of being a director, for example Rubini must greatly exercise her duties of care, skill and diligence. Other officers such as company secretary and auditor must be appointed at least one in the company and his legal position and duties must be clearly set out in company’s AA. In addition, they should include rights of various classes of shareholders in terms of company’s profitability, repayment of capital, transfer of shares, and decision making process. Detailed information regarding share capital should be clearly furnished such as methods of issuance of shares, transfer of shares, share buyback and reduction of capital. For debenture holders’ protection, they may need to state rules relating any fixed or floating charges attaching to specific properties as a security to creditors in case of unable to repay any loan or borrowing. Notices and procedures to meeting and winding up also must be stated in AA. Apart from that, they must insert restrictions as contained in Section 15(1) of Companies Act 1965 into MA and AA as a result of being a private limited company. For instance, it restricts its members’ rights to transfer shares. It also cannot have more than 50 members. The company, too, cannot raise capital by a way of offering shares and debentures to public or the public deposit money with the company. In a nutshell, they will receive certificate of incorporation upon successful registration of the company. Certificate of incorporation signifies that their company has been duly registered on date mentioned in it and restrictions in Section 15(1) of Companies Act 1965 will be effective. Besides, incorporation may bring forth effect that the company is a body corporate with the powers of an incorporated company, where it may sue or be sued in its own name, has a perpetual succession, may own property and the liability of its members may be limited. Question 3 During commencement of business, the company may wish to expand its business, change its name or alter provisions relating internal management. The company is permitted to do so by altering MA and AA by virtues of Section 21 and 31 of Companies Act 1965. MA is allowed to be altered to the extent and in the manner which is provided by the Act under Section 21 of Companies Act 1965. Meanwhile, Section 31 of Companies Act 1965 states that articles in AA may be altered or added by special resolution and become valid as if originally contained in the articles despite subjected to few limitations. The first issue arises in this question is whether the company is allowed to divert their initial objective in travel agency business and expand their business in exporting fresh food and vegetables. Upon incorporation, the legal capacity of the company is defined by object clause which has been stated in MA and it is not allowed to enter into any contract with third party, of which the purpose goes against its object. Otherwise, such act by the company is deemed to be an ultra vires act. Hence, the contract cannot be ratified by the company and considered as void contract which is shown in case Ashbury Railway v Riche. The company entered into a contract to build a railway station in Belgium for which the purpose went against their object clause of making, selling and hiring railway carriages. The court held that the contract was considered as void as it was beyond the legal capacity of the company to undertake it. So, in their situation, the company is not supposed to enter into any contract including exporting fresh food and vegetables because their legal capacity is only limited to travel agency business which tours around Sabah. However, Section 20 of Companies Act 1965 has provided that even an ultra vires contract is still valid if it has been executed despite company’s lack of capacity to enter into it. Meanwhile, if the contract has yet to be executed, minority shareholders may file for injunction to restrain company from performing the contract. Nevertheless, it is for the company’s best interest to evade the purpose of ultra vires doctrine by altering its object clause under Section 28 of Companies Act 1965. In case Bell House Ltd. v City Wall Properties Ltd. , defendant refused to pay procuration fee to company on the ground that the contract was made outside company’s object clause. However, there was such clause in MA which allowed company ‘to carry on business or any trade whatsoever in opinion of board of directors be advantageously carried on by the company in connection with or ancillary to any of the above business or the general business of the company’. Although there was no relationship with main object clause, the court held that it was within plaintiff’s legal capacity due to the bona fide opinion of board of directors. Therefore, based on their situation, the company can widen the scope of object clause by adding such clause into their MA in order for them to expand their business in exporting fresh food and vegetables. Apart from that, notices must be sent out to all members within 21 days of the general meeting and the company must pass a special resolution from members who attend and vote at the general meeting. Then, if there is no objection to the alteration within 21 days after passing of resolution, the company has to lodge with ROC within 14 days in order for the alteration to come in effective. The second issue arises is whether the company can alter its name in MA from Friendly Tours Sdn Bhd to Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd. Prior to alternation, the company must conduct name search and apply to ROC to check on availability of its proposed new name which is Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd. It must also ensure that the new name is not undesirable or unacceptable in the opinion of ROC or similar to the name of an existing company. Once it obtains approval from ROC, the new name will be automatically reserved for 3 months and the company must perform steps to change its name within the reservation period. Then, under Section 23(1) of Companies Act 1965, the company must provide notice of 21 days to all members of the general meeting and pass a special resolution from members who attend and vote at the general meeting. Upon that, ROC will only re-issue certificate of incorporation under the new name i. e. Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd and effects are taken into place. However, the company remains the same legal entity as the change of name will not affect any rights or liabilities of the company. In the third situation, Sarah was appointed as the Managing Director of the company instead of Rubini as stated in AA. Firstly, the first issue arises is regarding validity of naming Rubini as Managing Director in AA. Section 123 of Companies Act 1965 has stated that a person shall not be named as a director or proposed director in MA or AA or company’s prospectus but this section is not applicable to a private limited company. So, it is valid to name Rubini as the Managing Director. Assuming Rubini’s term of office is not stated in AA, she will hold office until the next Annual General Meeting where she will retire automatically and may be re-elected for next appointment. However, there is also a possibility where members of the company may remove Rubini as Managing Director by ordinary resolution before her term of office expires. Hence, Rubini should be given special notice of 28 days of the general meeting where she is proposed to be removed. Yet, based on the situation, she was not given any notice regarding removal of her position and Sarah was directly appointed as the Managing Director and therefore, it brought up straight to the next issue on whether Sarah is eligible to be appointed as Managing Director. The person must be a natural person who at least 18 years old and above, has consented to appointment and not being disqualified from being a director can be appointed as a director. So, it is assumed that Sarah has fulfilled the criterion and she can be appointed as the Managing Director. Upon successful appointment of Sarah as the Managing Director, it brought up the key issue on whether the contract between Rubini and the company is in breach. Section 33(1) of Companies Act 1965 has explained that MA and AA perate as a contract which only binding the company and its members, and members amongst themselves, but not between the company and outsiders. Generally, director is merely an officer but not a member of the company and so, he is considered as an outsider. Since he is not privy to the contracts, he cannot enforce any rights that MA or AA purport to confer upon them. However, Rubini has been validly named as the Managing Director of the company in AA and so, she has a valid contract between the company and herself. Therefore, she can enforce her rights against the company if the company fails to observe provisions in AA. This situation is supported by the case Southern Foundries v Shirlaw. Shirlaw sued for breach of contract because he was removed by Federation Foundries which altered the articles of Southern Foundries to give them power to remove Shirlaw before his ten years term of office was expired. The court held that an alteration of the articles was not amounted to a breach of contract but their act on altered articles was deemed to be and, therefore, Shirlaw was only entitled to damages. From the case, judge of the case has laid down the general principles where a company is not precluded from altering its articles so as to give itself to act upon altered articles, but acting on altered articles is construed as a breach of contract. Moreover, no injunction can be granted to prevent the adoption of the new articles but damages was the only remedy for breach of contract. In Rubini’s situation, there is a breach of contract as the company appointed Sarah as the Managing Director instead of her who has been stated in AA and it was assumed that the alteration of articles was in progress. Yet, she cannot re-enforce her appointment since she cannot prevent company from altering its AA as it is given the power to do so under Section 33(1) of Companies Act 1965. So, she can only obtain damages for wrongful dismissal. In conclusion, the company is allowed to expand its business scope and change its name to a new name as long as it passes special resolution. However, Rubini was only entitled to damages as a result of wrongful dismissal because she cannot restrain the company from performing alteration in articles.